I found the answer, so I'll reply to my post for the record.
Machines available in AsterStudy GUI are declared in Salome, in an XML file named CatalogResources.xml located in the Salome application folder, e.g.
salome-meca/appli_V2018/CatalogResources.xml
There is no CatalogResources.xml file after installation and creation of appli_V2018 folder (bug or feature ?). There is a minimal file located somewhere in the salome-meca distribution which contains the definition for localhost machine. You can copy and edit this file. It seems that there is a python script to build the CatalogResources.xml file but I could not execute it successfully. Anyway, the resources must be declared as follows :
...
...
hostname="remote_machine_hostname"
protocol="ssh"
appliPath="/path/to/salome-meca/appli_V2018"
canLaunchBatchJobs="true" />
One must be able to ssh to remote machine without prompt for password. The path to salome binary stated in the XML file must be the path on the remote machine.
François.